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Local Air Quality Management

The Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs manages local air quality standards and monitoring across England, with current focus on whether Daily Air Quality Index thresholds should be revised to reflect latest health evidence and whether a Clean Air Act should be introduced to align with WHO guidelines. The issue involves statutory reporting duties on air quality and implementation of air quality plans, particularly for nitrogen dioxide compliance.

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Family: Scrutiny and evidence

2026

7 events
28 Apr 2026 | Written question Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs linked

To ask the Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, pursuant to the Answer of 30 March 2026 to Question 119646 on Air Pollution: Yeovil, what progress the Government has made on the

To ask the Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, pursuant to the Answer of 30 March 2026 to Question 119646 on Air Pollution: Yeovil, what progress the Government has made on the actions for commitment 22 of …

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28 Apr 2026 | Written question Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs linked

To ask the Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, what consideration she has given to (a) revising Daily Air Quality Index thresholds to align with health evidence and (b) expandi

To ask the Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, what consideration she has given to (a) revising Daily Air Quality Index thresholds to align with health evidence and (b) expanding the air pollution alert system to include …

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28 Apr 2026 | Written question Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs linked

To ask the Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, whether she has had recent discussions with Cabinet colleagues on introducing a Clean Air Act to enshrine the World Health Organi

To ask the Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, whether she has had recent discussions with Cabinet colleagues on introducing a Clean Air Act to enshrine the World Health Organisation's 2021 Air Quality Guidelines into law.

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27 Apr 2026 | Written question Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs linked

To ask the Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, for what reasons the Environment Agency is not measuring pollution, including polyaromatic hydrocarbons, from motorway outfalls i

To ask the Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, for what reasons the Environment Agency is not measuring pollution, including polyaromatic hydrocarbons, from motorway outfalls into the River Lune at Tebay.

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2022

23 events
26 Oct 2022 | Committee report linked

There is a high level of uncertainty in government’s model for assessing pollution levels, which may mean that further areas of poor air quality might be missed by the programme. Government uses a national model to identify areas that are likely to be breaching air quality limits, and uses this to direct local authorities to take action. The national model does not directly use the results of monitoring by local authorities; instead, it uses a national network of monitoring stations. The mode...

There is a high level of uncertainty in government’s model for assessing pollution levels, which may mean that further areas of poor air quality might be missed by the programme. Government uses a national model to identify areas that are …

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26 Oct 2022 | Committee report linked

Central government has not always got the balance right in how it works in partnership with local government, having been prescriptive in some respects, while seeming to avoid responsibilities that naturally sit at a national level in others. The best approach to addressing air quality issues varies between areas according to local circumstances. Although Local Authorities have had the freedom to set different exemption criteria and different charging levels for Clean Air Zones, some feel tha...

Central government has not always got the balance right in how it works in partnership with local government, having been prescriptive in some respects, while seeming to avoid responsibilities that naturally sit at a national level in others. The best …

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26 Oct 2022 | Committee report linked

While emissions of most air pollutants have been falling in recent decades in the UK, poor air quality continues to cause damage to people’s health and the natural environment. The Committee on the Medical Effects of Air Pollutants estimated that human-made air pollution in the UK has an effect equivalent to between 28,000 and 36,000 deaths each year. There are two types of air quality target in the UK—national emissions ceilings, which are breached if too much of one pollutant is emitted acr...

While emissions of most air pollutants have been falling in recent decades in the UK, poor air quality continues to cause damage to people’s health and the natural environment. The Committee on the Medical Effects of Air Pollutants estimated that …

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26 Oct 2022 | Committee report linked

The UK complied with most of these legal limits between 2010 and 2019 with the exception of the local concentration limits for NO2, for which there have been longstanding breaches in some areas of the country. The country may also have missed the national limit for ammonia in 2020, and existing policy measures will not be sufficient to achieve most of government’s 2030 emissions ceilings targets, which require lower levels of pollution than current targets. Government published a Clean Air St...

The UK complied with most of these legal limits between 2010 and 2019 with the exception of the local concentration limits for NO2, for which there have been longstanding breaches in some areas of the country. The country may also …

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26 Oct 2022 | Committee report linked

The Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs (Defra) and the Department for Transport (DfT) established the Joint Air Quality Unit (JAQU) in 2016 to oversee delivery of government’s plans to achieve compliance with NO2 limits. The NO2 Programme is government’s largest dedicated air quality initiative and involves two main elements: • Ministerial Directions to specified local authorities requiring them to assess potential breaches in their local area, and identify and implement measure...

The Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs (Defra) and the Department for Transport (DfT) established the Joint Air Quality Unit (JAQU) in 2016 to oversee delivery of government’s plans to achieve compliance with NO2 limits. The NO2 Programme is …

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26 Oct 2022 | Committee report linked

Since 2017 Defra and DfT have jointly issued directions to 64 local authorities. It has also identified 31 sections of the Strategic Road Network that are above the limit value and therefore non-compliant. Measures to tackle NO2 pollution include bus retrofit and traffic management schemes, and in some areas, Clean Air Zones where vehicle owners 1 C&AG’s Report, Tackling local breaches of air quality, Session 2022–23, HC 66, 17 June 2022 2 C&AG’s Report, paras 1.3 - 1.6 3 C&AG’s Report, paras...

Since 2017 Defra and DfT have jointly issued directions to 64 local authorities. It has also identified 31 sections of the Strategic Road Network that are above the limit value and therefore non-compliant. Measures to tackle NO2 pollution include bus …

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26 Oct 2022 | Committee report linked

Of the 64 local authorities initially directed to take action to tackle poor air quality, 16 were found to be already compliant following local modelling, and three exited the programme for other reasons.6 The Department for Transport told us that it expects the upcoming assessment of data for 2021, to be published in September, to show that 16 of the remaining 45 were in compliance in 2021, and that a further 16 will be compliant over the subsequent four years. The remaining 13, for which ex...

Of the 64 local authorities initially directed to take action to tackle poor air quality, 16 were found to be already compliant following local modelling, and three exited the programme for other reasons.6 The Department for Transport told us that …

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26 Oct 2022 | Committee report linked

The UK Air website is government’s main source of communication on air quality, but it is fairly impenetrable to the general public.11 While the website provides a high- level air pollution forecast, and allows users to download air quality datasets, it does not clearly present information on the legal limits for each pollutant, actions taken to date by the UK government and the progress being made, to put the air quality data it gives in context. The annual Air Pollution in the UK report onl...

The UK Air website is government’s main source of communication on air quality, but it is fairly impenetrable to the general public.11 While the website provides a high- level air pollution forecast, and allows users to download air quality datasets, …

▤ View document · ↗ GOV.UK
26 Oct 2022 | Committee report linked

Issues of poor air quality are often highly localised: the 31 non-compliant sections of the Strategic Road Network represent about 51 miles of road, out of the 4,500 managed by National Highways.13 National Highways estimates about 240 to 250 houses or properties are directly affected by these exceedances, as many are not in urban areas, and levels of NO2 drop off quickly away from the road.14 Tackling these exceedances will require interventions that may be unpopular with local residents; Na...

Issues of poor air quality are often highly localised: the 31 non-compliant sections of the Strategic Road Network represent about 51 miles of road, out of the 4,500 managed by National Highways.13 National Highways estimates about 240 to 250 houses …

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26 Oct 2022 | Committee report linked

National Highways acknowledge that the accessibility of the government’s data on air quality is an issue, and Defra told us that it is reviewing its social media and online offering over the next 18 months. It particularly highlighted the need to test the quality of its messaging for specific groups, such as older people and people from different ethnic minority communities.18 Modelling air quality

National Highways acknowledge that the accessibility of the government’s data on air quality is an issue, and Defra told us that it is reviewing its social media and online offering over the next 18 months. It particularly highlighted the need …

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26 Oct 2022 | Committee report linked

Government uses national and local modelling, together with two national networks of monitoring stations, to direct its actions on air quality, with directions to local authorities issued primarily on the basis of a national model identifying areas of likely exceedance of air quality targets.19 The national network consists of around 430 unique monitoring stations across two separate networks; the UK Urban NO2 Network, established in 2020, and the older Automatic Urban and Rural Network.20 Th...

Government uses national and local modelling, together with two national networks of monitoring stations, to direct its actions on air quality, with directions to local authorities issued primarily on the basis of a national model identifying areas of likely exceedance …

▤ View document · ↗ GOV.UK
26 Oct 2022 | Committee report linked

DfT explained to us that the national model ‘fills in the gaps’ in data collected by its monitoring stations to create a kilometre by a kilometre map of air quality across the country, and forecasts to 2030.23 DfT also told us that the results of the national model are updated to account for local experience; for example, in Southampton the local authority found that the national model underestimated NO2 compared to the results of local monitoring, due to a different fleet mix than predicted,...

DfT explained to us that the national model ‘fills in the gaps’ in data collected by its monitoring stations to create a kilometre by a kilometre map of air quality across the country, and forecasts to 2030.23 DfT also told …

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26 Oct 2022 | Committee report linked

DfT told us that it takes account of the uncertainty in the model when identifying local authorities requiring action, and that it worked with local authorities to update and reopen the model as required based on local monitoring.25 However Defra and DfT subsequently wrote to us to explain that there is not a formal margin of tolerance; instead, the national modelling is continually updated to reflect the latest evidence, and additional local authorities can be brought into the programme wher...

DfT told us that it takes account of the uncertainty in the model when identifying local authorities requiring action, and that it worked with local authorities to update and reopen the model as required based on local monitoring.25 However Defra …

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26 Oct 2022 | Committee report linked

Defra and DfT also wrote to us to explain that local monitoring is not directly fed into Defra’s national model in real time, particularly as many local measurements do not meet the data requirements for inclusion in the national NO2 compliance assessment. Instead, they review the model results against local NO2 assessments and use any discrepancies to prioritise improvements to the national NO2 compliance assessment. They also told us that an uncertainty of around +/-30% is not unusual for a...

Defra and DfT also wrote to us to explain that local monitoring is not directly fed into Defra’s national model in real time, particularly as many local measurements do not meet the data requirements for inclusion in the national NO2 …

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26 Oct 2022 | Committee report linked

Government sees the relationship with local authorities as a partnership, and told us that it believes the programme will fail if it is seen to be a top-down programme done by national Government.29 However, local authorities are expected to follow a fairly centralised, prescriptive approach to achieving compliance with air quality targets, albeit with some discretion about the mix of exemptions to be applied in any charging Clean Air Zone.30 Some local authorities told the National Audit Off...

Government sees the relationship with local authorities as a partnership, and told us that it believes the programme will fail if it is seen to be a top-down programme done by national Government.29 However, local authorities are expected to follow …

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26 Oct 2022 | Committee report linked

We asked if departments had considered revisiting the assumption of a clean air zone as the baseline for judging local authority plans, given that there have been delays to implementation. DfT told us that the evidence from the latest annual assessment is that the clean air zone is the fastest way to achieve compliance, but that they are open to other approaches if local authorities can put together a package of measures that would achieve compliance faster.33

We asked if departments had considered revisiting the assumption of a clean air zone as the baseline for judging local authority plans, given that there have been delays to implementation. DfT told us that the evidence from the latest annual …

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26 Oct 2022 | Committee report linked

On the other hand, government has not taken the responsibility it should for national messaging on the need for air quality measures. We asked Defra and DfT why Government had decided against a national communication campaign about the new charging Clean Air Zones (CAZs) that are coming into effect through the NO2 programme in favour of a locally-led approach. They told us that this was because they consider local places are best placed to judge how to communicate with their residents, and be...

On the other hand, government has not taken the responsibility it should for national messaging on the need for air quality measures. We asked Defra and DfT why Government had decided against a national communication campaign about the new charging …

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26 Oct 2022 | Committee report linked

As at May 2022, a lifetime budget of £883 million has been committed to the NO2 Programme to support local authorities. Separately government has spent £39 million to improve air quality on the Strategic Road Network from 2015–16 to 2019–20. Further funding is available to 2024–25.37 Although the NO2 programme is the largest dedicated air quality initiative, other work across government is expected to contribute to improving air quality, such as support to ultra-low emission vehicles and the ...

As at May 2022, a lifetime budget of £883 million has been committed to the NO2 Programme to support local authorities. Separately government has spent £39 million to improve air quality on the Strategic Road Network from 2015–16 to 2019–20. …

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26 Oct 2022 | Committee report linked

National Highways retains responsibility for addressing air quality issues on the parts of the Strategic Road Network that pass through urban areas. It told us that, in setting its measures, it needs to ensure it does not do anything that displaces traffic onto other roads, which would shift where exceedances occur and risk displacing heavy traffic onto roads managed by local authorities.44 It told us that it manages these risks both at the national level, through working with the seven sub-n...

National Highways retains responsibility for addressing air quality issues on the parts of the Strategic Road Network that pass through urban areas. It told us that, in setting its measures, it needs to ensure it does not do anything that …

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26 Oct 2022 | Committee report linked

Government expects that all parts of the UK will eventually become compliant with the NO2 limits as a result of wider changes in the transport sector such as greater uptake of electric vehicles.48 There are some local authorities where no viable measures can be identified that will bring NO2 concentrations below legal limits before it is expected to become ‘naturally’ compliant.49 Government told us it is keen to do more develop a clearer set of viability criteria for local authorities in the...

Government expects that all parts of the UK will eventually become compliant with the NO2 limits as a result of wider changes in the transport sector such as greater uptake of electric vehicles.48 There are some local authorities where no …

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26 Oct 2022 | Committee report linked

The Joint Air Quality Unit estimates that a targeted vehicle upgrade scheme would need to upgrade 34% to 89% of frequent vehicles to bring forward compliance by two to four years.51 Government has recently withdrawn grants that were available to support people purchasing electric cars; it told us that this was due to the scheme exceeding its goals, and that funding for electric vehicles will now focus instead on infrastructure.52 43 Follow-up response submitted by Defra and DfT dated 11 July ...

The Joint Air Quality Unit estimates that a targeted vehicle upgrade scheme would need to upgrade 34% to 89% of frequent vehicles to bring forward compliance by two to four years.51 Government has recently withdrawn grants that were available to …

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26 Oct 2022 | Committee report linked

The Department for Transport highlighted that local authorities are seeing addressing air quality not as a compliance issue, but as something to be considered more broadly as part of transport and local regeneration policies.56 We also heard about a pilot project working with GPs to provide advice on air quality in local communities, and about how the local air quality grants programme provides support for education initiatives in schools.57 Meeting the 2030 targets

The Department for Transport highlighted that local authorities are seeing addressing air quality not as a compliance issue, but as something to be considered more broadly as part of transport and local regeneration policies.56 We also heard about a pilot …

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12 Oct 2022 | Committee report linked

Potential large-scale reductions in staffing levels in regulators will not be achieved without fundamental changes in regulatory approaches. In the Spending Review 2021, the regulators received funding settlements they believed were sufficient to enable them to fulfil their post-EU Exit regulatory responsibilities. Since then, they have been asked (along with the rest of government) to model headcount reductions of 20%, 30% and 40%. Although it is not clear what cuts they may eventually be as...

Potential large-scale reductions in staffing levels in regulators will not be achieved without fundamental changes in regulatory approaches. In the Spending Review 2021, the regulators received funding settlements they believed were sufficient to enable them to fulfil their post-EU Exit …

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2021

18 events
29 Oct 2021 | Committee report linked

Given how significant is local government’s influence over greenhouse gas emissions, it is clear the UK will struggle to reach net zero by 2050 unless central and local government work together to deliver solutions tailored to meet local circumstances.

Given how significant is local government’s influence over greenhouse gas emissions, it is clear the UK will struggle to reach net zero by 2050 unless central and local government work together to deliver solutions tailored to meet local circumstances. Type: …

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5 Mar 2021 | Committee report linked

The Department acknowledged that it needed to consider place-related aspects to achieving net zero and how local authorities could be involved in co-ordinating the changes needed in areas such as transport and energy.42 The Department told the National 36 Qq 52-53, 65-67 37 C&AG’s Report, para 2.19-2.21 38 Local Government Association submission para 4 39 Q 39 40 Q 43; Local Government Association submission para 7 41 Local Government Association submission para 7; Local Government Associatio...

The Department acknowledged that it needed to consider place-related aspects to achieving net zero and how local authorities could be involved in co-ordinating the changes needed in areas such as transport and energy.42 The Department told the National 36 Qq …

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11 Feb 2021 | Committee report linked

Before the pandemic, the UK had made limited progress in improving air quality, with less than a quarter of air quality assessment areas meeting the annual mean limit for nitrogen dioxide (NO2). Lockdown restrictions from March 2020 led to less traffic and changing travel patterns and many people experienced better air quality. But by September 2020, most towns and cities saw a return to pre-lockdown levels of air pollution. However, the temporary improvement in air quality in the spring does...

Before the pandemic, the UK had made limited progress in improving air quality, with less than a quarter of air quality assessment areas meeting the annual mean limit for nitrogen dioxide (NO2). Lockdown restrictions from March 2020 led to less …

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11 Feb 2021 | Committee report linked

The noticeable improvement many people had in their experience of air quality and their wellbeing following the initial lockdown illustrates the benefits of action to tackle air quality for all of us. The tragic death of Ella Kissi-Debrah, and thousands of others each year, shows the costs of the failure to do so. This highlights the need for legally binding air quality limits and the Committee recommends that the Office for Environmental Protection (see chapter 3) be empowered to enforce the...

The noticeable improvement many people had in their experience of air quality and their wellbeing following the initial lockdown illustrates the benefits of action to tackle air quality for all of us. The tragic death of Ella Kissi-Debrah, and thousands …

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11 Feb 2021 | Committee report linked

Many of the areas with the highest levels of social deprivation are also the most exposed to air pollution and this link is also more pronounced for people from ethnic minority backgrounds. Further research is urgently needed to fully understand the link between poor air quality and covid-19, which the Government has now accepted. However, notwithstanding the causal link between air quality and covid-19 mortality and morbidity, there was already a strong, established, case for taking action t...

Many of the areas with the highest levels of social deprivation are also the most exposed to air pollution and this link is also more pronounced for people from ethnic minority backgrounds. Further research is urgently needed to fully understand …

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11 Feb 2021 | Committee report linked

The Environment Bill should be amended to include a health inequalities target, to reduce the number of deaths associated with air pollution; and to require the Secretary of State to take account of human health considerations when setting or reviewing air quality targets. It should include a duty on all Government departments and local government to work together to deliver these targets. (Paragraph 36) Air Quality and coronavirus: a glimpse of a different future or business as usual 43 Gove...

The Environment Bill should be amended to include a health inequalities target, to reduce the number of deaths associated with air pollution; and to require the Secretary of State to take account of human health considerations when setting or reviewing …

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11 Feb 2021 | Committee report linked

The Clean Air Strategy is a step in the right direction but relies too much on local authorities, delegating most responsibility for delivering air quality improvements to them without providing sufficient competencies and resources to deliver. It also lacks the ambition to fully address the challenges posed by England’s air pollution problems, relying on existing strategies that are making limited progress. Although we welcome the Government’s commitment to setting an air quality target to r...

The Clean Air Strategy is a step in the right direction but relies too much on local authorities, delegating most responsibility for delivering air quality improvements to them without providing sufficient competencies and resources to deliver. It also lacks the …

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11 Feb 2021 | Committee report linked

Alongside the PM2.5 target, the Secretary of State should use his discretionary powers in the Bill to set additional long-term air quality targets to reduce NO2, PM10, SO2, NMVOCs and ammonia. The Government should also commit to a long-term funding structure for local authorities to underpin their new duties in the Bill.

Alongside the PM2.5 target, the Secretary of State should use his discretionary powers in the Bill to set additional long-term air quality targets to reduce NO2, PM10, SO2, NMVOCs and ammonia. The Government should also commit to a long-term funding …

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11 Feb 2021 | Committee report linked

As part of the Clean Air Strategy the Government should include a timeline on when the reduction in limits of other pollutants is to be delivered. (Paragraph 58) National and local action

As part of the Clean Air Strategy the Government should include a timeline on when the reduction in limits of other pollutants is to be delivered. (Paragraph 58) National and local action Type: recommendation | Number: 8 | Response status: …

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11 Feb 2021 | Committee report linked

We recognise the commitment of the ministers in Defra and DfT, and their officials, to tackling poor air quality. However, it is not clear that this is matched elsewhere in Government, nor is the urgency of the issue being communicated strongly enough to the public. Local campaign groups will always have a vital role in raising public awareness of these issues, but they should not have to fill a void left by Government. Often those local authorities who have been leading the way on air qualit...

We recognise the commitment of the ministers in Defra and DfT, and their officials, to tackling poor air quality. However, it is not clear that this is matched elsewhere in Government, nor is the urgency of the issue being communicated …

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11 Feb 2021 | Committee report linked

Government and the public sector at all levels must lead by example on air quality if they are asking businesses and individuals to make changes. There are numerous examples of that already happening in the NHS, local government and other sectors, with some public bodies, for instance seeking to minimise emissions from their own vehicle fleets and their suppliers. This should become standard across the public sector. This would contribute to the Government’s drive to support a Green Recovery ...

Government and the public sector at all levels must lead by example on air quality if they are asking businesses and individuals to make changes. There are numerous examples of that already happening in the NHS, local government and other …

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11 Feb 2021 | Committee report linked

Clean Air Zones (CAZs) are the UK Government’s key mechanism for reducing NO2 from road transport to legal levels “in the shortest possible time”, but they illustrate the Government’s over-reliance on local government to deliver progress. CAZs were already being held up before the pandemic by delays in national funding, lack of national support and local delays. The Government’s updated CAZ- timetable provides only a partial picture with regards to all the local authorities that had been dire...

Clean Air Zones (CAZs) are the UK Government’s key mechanism for reducing NO2 from road transport to legal levels “in the shortest possible time”, but they illustrate the Government’s over-reliance on local government to deliver progress. CAZs were already being …

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11 Feb 2021 | Committee report linked

The Government’s framework should ensure that all CAZs are class D (i.e. charging zones), and include time-limited exemptions for people with reduced mobility to help them adapt. (Paragraph 88) Air Quality and coronavirus: a glimpse of a different future or business as usual 45

The Government’s framework should ensure that all CAZs are class D (i.e. charging zones), and include time-limited exemptions for people with reduced mobility to help them adapt. (Paragraph 88) Air Quality and coronavirus: a glimpse of a different future or …

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11 Feb 2021 | Committee report linked

We recognise that CAZs do not address the root causes of air pollution, nor the wider issues beyond their boundaries, and that local leaders sometimes have to strike a difficult balance so as to not “lose the dressing room”. However, at times local government also needs to be prepared to push through CAZs and related actions, despite local opposition. They will be assisted in doing so by having clear evidence of the positive difference such interventions can have for local people and economie...

We recognise that CAZs do not address the root causes of air pollution, nor the wider issues beyond their boundaries, and that local leaders sometimes have to strike a difficult balance so as to not “lose the dressing room”. However, …

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11 Feb 2021 | Committee report linked

We welcome the Government’s commitment to a green recovery, including bringing forward the ban on the sale of petrol and diesel cars. This must include a strong focus on improving air quality, especially given the risk that changes in local economies and working patterns might exacerbate existing problems. We also welcome the additional investment from the Government to expand electronic charging infrastructure. The Government must ensure that capacity and coverage is in place across the coun...

We welcome the Government’s commitment to a green recovery, including bringing forward the ban on the sale of petrol and diesel cars. This must include a strong focus on improving air quality, especially given the risk that changes in local …

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11 Feb 2021 | Committee report linked

Active travel schemes, and other local efforts to tackle air pollution, must benefit the communities most affected by air pollution, and focus on changing the behaviour of those who contribute most to the problem. They must also avoid undermining public transport. We recognise the efforts of many schools, parents and local councils to improve the air around schools and encourage active travel through introducing school streets. These should also be supported by reducing parking outside school...

Active travel schemes, and other local efforts to tackle air pollution, must benefit the communities most affected by air pollution, and focus on changing the behaviour of those who contribute most to the problem. They must also avoid undermining public …

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11 Feb 2021 | Committee report linked

The pandemic has caused substantial shifts in how people travel. This has had a positive effect on some measures of air quality; but it is likely to be temporary, and positive moves such as more working from home and active travel may be offset by people moving away from cities and becoming more car dependent. The built environment constrains most people’s transport choices, building in pollution from private car use. The local government leaders we heard from are keen to provide more homes i...

The pandemic has caused substantial shifts in how people travel. This has had a positive effect on some measures of air quality; but it is likely to be temporary, and positive moves such as more working from home and active …

▤ View document · ↗ GOV.UK